Blood in the vessels need to overcome resistance to flow to push through the circulatory system. This resistance is called vascular resistance. When this resistance is presented by the blood flow in the upper and lower extremities of the body and the surface of the skin (peripheral circulation) it is known as the systemic vascular resistance (SVR) or total peripheral resistance. Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is the resistance offered by the vessels of the lungs. Determinants of vascular resistance: a. Vascular resistance is determined by diameter and muscle tone of the blood vessels. Arterioles are the primary site of vascular resistance. Decrease in blood vessel diameter (vasoconstriction) increases SVR and increase in diameter (vasodilation) decreases SVR. b. Another determinant of vascular resistance is blood viscosity. The greater the viscosity of blood, the larger the resistance will be. c. The increase in blood flow to the pulmonary artery due to circulatory problems can increase pulmonary vascular resistance.

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