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Both menopause and POF have similar symptoms like irregular periods, hot flashes and mood swings. (Photo: Freepik)
As women age, their bodies go through numerous changes, but it is mainly the reproductive system that begins to decline. A woman's fertility takes a hit after a certain point, making it difficult to conceive. It is, therefore, supremely important to go for regular check-ups in the perimenopause and menopause stages to rule out risks to health. Dr Pradeep Mahajan, a regenerative medicine researcher and founder of StemRx Hospital and Research Centre says there are two conditions that often have similar symptoms: menopause and premature ovarian failure (POF). While both stop menstruation, their causes, onset and long-term effects are different, he says, adding that it is important to understand key differences to manage and treat them.
Menopause is a natural biological process that marks the end of menstrual cycles. It is diagnosed after 12 months of no periods and usually takes place between 45 and 55 years of age. During menopause, the ovaries reduce the production of hormones like estrogen and progesterone, causing symptoms like hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings and vaginal dryness. Dr Mahajan explains that menopause starts with perimenopause, where a woman starts experiencing irregular periods and other symptoms several years prior. "It is a part of aging, and while it can be tough, it is not a medical problem," he says.
On the other hand, premature ovarian failure (POF) -- also known as primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) -- takes place when the ovaries stop functioning normally before the age of 40. It affects about 1 per cent of women and may lead to infertility. "Women with POF may still have irregular or occasional periods for years and get pregnant, unlike in menopause where fertility is lost permanently," Dr Mahajan states.
POF can happen due to various reasons, including genetics, autoimmune disorders or treatments like chemotherapy. It needs medical attention.
As mentioned earlier, both menopause and POF have similar symptoms like irregular periods, hot flashes and mood swings. "Blood tests measuring hormone levels, especially FSH and estrogen, are crucial in diagnosing the two. Elevated FSH and low estrogen levels are common to both, but the age of onset and other underlying causes can distinguish them. Women who experience these symptoms at a younger age should consult a doctor immediately," Dr Mahajan says.
When it comes to menopause, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the most common treatment option. Eating a balanced diet and doing exercises regularly can also help manage its symptoms.
For POF, the ideal treatment method is hormone therapy, which can replace the hormones that the ovaries are not producing. Regenerative medicine is the best option for POF. Fertility treatment like in-vitro fertilization (IVF) may also be considered for those who want to get pregnant, the doctor says.