Medically Verified By: Dr Indu Aggarwal, head of department, preventive oncology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre (RGCIRC)
International Women's Day 2025: Everything To Know About The Top Four Cancers Affecting Women (Photo: Freepik)
Four most prominent and aggressive cancers in women: The global burden of cancer among the female population has increased in recent years. Breast cancer is considered to be the most prevalent and aggressive one, highlighting the urgent need for awareness and early detection. With the overall cancer burden expected to rise by 12.8 per cent by 2025, awareness and screenings for breast, cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers are crucial, as they can improve outcomes and save lives. Understanding these cancers and the importance of timely health check-ups is essential for every woman, says Dr Indu Aggarwal, head of department, preventive oncology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre (RGCIRC).
Dr Aggarwal says breast cancer is the most common cancer among women globally, as well as in India, with early detection significantly improving survival rates. In India, it recorded over 1,92,000 diagnoses and nearly 1,00,000 deaths in 2022. Regular breast self-examinations (BSE) can help detect abnormalities early, increasing survival rates to 95 per cent. "While early-stage breast cancer may be painless, BSE helps women identify signs like lumps, skin changes, or nipple discharge. Although most lumps are benign, any unusual findings should be promptly evaluated by a doctor. Raising awareness and encouraging regular BSEs, especially for those at higher risk, is vital for better outcomes in breast cancer detection and treatment," the doctor adds.
According to the doctor, cervical cancer -- though preventable -- is a major health concern for women in India, with survival largely depending on early detection. Routine screenings, such as Pap smears and HPV tests enable timely intervention, catching the disease either early or at a precancerous stage. But, since the disease often develops silently, regular check-ups are crucial.
"Symptoms like abnormal bleeding, unusual discharge, and pelvic pain may come late. Preventive measures, including HPV vaccination, lifestyle changes, and improved screening access are essential in reducing cases. Screening should begin at 21, with co-testing every five years after 30. Since late-stage treatment is less effective, early detection remains the best defense, saving lives through timely medical intervention. HPV vaccination is recommended for all young girls (9-26 years), preferably before the age of 15," the doctor advises.
Ovarian cancer is considered to be one of the most lethal cancers in women, with vague symptoms leading to late-stage diagnoses in 70-80 per cent of cases, Dr Aggarwal warns. In India, it is apparently the third most common cancer among women, with an incidence of 6.6 per cent. "While 90 per cent of cases occur sporadically, 5-10 per cent are linked to hereditary BRCA gene mutations," she states.
The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) 2018 does not recommend screening for ovarian cancer for asymptomatic women, who are not known to have a high-risk hereditary cancer syndrome. Symptom-triggered testing, however, is recommended for those experiencing persistent bloating, abdominal pain, difficulty eating, or urinary urgency for several weeks. "Early detection through CA125 testing and transvaginal ultrasound can improve outcomes, allowing for timely intervention and better survival rates," the doctor explains.
Endometrial cancer is on the rise among women, triggered by increasing obesity rates, delayed childbirth, and conditions like PCOD, which prolongs estrogen exposure. While pregnancy-related progesterone offers protection, women who ovulate irregularly face a higher risk. "Advancements in robotic surgery, however, are improving treatment with faster recovery and fewer complications; sentinel lymph node mapping enhances staging accuracy. With early detection and targeted care, women can achieve better outcomes in the fight against endometrial cancer," the health expert states.
Advancements like minimally-invasive surgery, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy offer better outcomes with fewer side effects. Access to screenings, affordable treatment, and personalised care remain critical. Expanding mammography, genetic testing, and holistic care ensures improved survival and quality of life, says the doctor, adding that a woman-centred approach is key to winning the fight against cancer, while prioritising overall well-being.
The doctor concludes by saying that prevention and early detection are the most powerful tools in the fight against cancer. Routine screenings significantly improve survival rates. "Women must prioritise regular health check-ups, including mammograms, Pap smears, and genetic testing where necessary. Increased awareness, accessible screening programs, and proactive healthcare can save countless lives. By embracing preventive care and modern treatment options, women can take control of their health, ensuring a future where cancer is detected early and treated effectively."
